Bisma Haq

Week Activity 1 Started reading from that article which Sir Sabieh sent. Tried to understand the physics behind the working of Split-ring resonator, why in this experiment we need high quality factor, the following page was particularly helpful https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/basic_concepts/q-quality-factor/basics-tutorial-formula.php understanding the effects of quality factor, structure and working of the microwave sensor. Did a thorough literature review while looking for details about Liquid Characterization. Still I need to see details about Structure parameters of the resonator, and calculations for the permittivity. 2 I have read some articles while looking for details about the S parameter of Split-ring resonator. The following articles helped me to understand the effect on capacitance by increasing rings "Open Complementary Split-Ring Resonator: Physics, Modeling,and Analysis by Francisco Aznar, Adolfo Ve´ lez, Miguel Dura´ n-Sindreu,Jordi Bonache, Ferran Martı´n" and "S Parameter Analysis of Split-Ring Resonator for various substrate materials by Ligin Alphonsa and Resmi R". For understanding of real and complex parts of permittivity paper "A Brief Review of Measuring Techniques for Characterization of Dielectric Materials by Muhammad Taha Jilani, Muhammad Zaka ur Rehman, Abid Muhammad Khan,Muhammad Talha Khan, Syed Muzamil Ali" and "A Review of RF and Microwave Techniques for Dielectric Measurements on Polar Liquids by Andrew P. Gregory and Robert N. Clarke" helped alot. In this coming week I'll read about the working of VNA. 3 I have read a guide book this week, which is "A Guide to characterisation of dielectric materials at RF and microwave frequencies by National Physics Laboratory". This helped me to understand the basic RF and microwave measurement theory, the relation between the real and imaginary parts of permittivity, standard measurement method for dielectrics, instrumentation for practical measurements of dielectrics and Q-factor and its measurements. 4 This week I've read following articles that are given in the references of that paper which Sir Sabieh sent, "Material Characterization Using Complementary Split-Ring Resonators by Muhammed Said Boybay, Fellow, IEEE, and Omar M. Ramahi, Fellow, IEEE" , "Microwave Sensor for Liquid Dielectric Characterization based on Metamaterial Complementary Split Ring Resonator by Euclides Lourenço Chuma, Student Member, IEEE, Yuzo Iano, Member, IEEE, Glauco Fontgalland, Senior Member, IEEE, and Leonardo Lorenzo Bravo Roger" , "Complementary Split-Ring Resonators for Measuring Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents by Chieh-Sen Lee, Student Member, IEEE, and Chin-Lung Yang, Member, IEEE" ,and "Open Complementary Split-Ring Resonator Sensor for Dropping-Based Liquid Dielectric Characterization by Chieh-Sen Lee , Member, IEEE, Bin Bai, Student Member, IEEE, Qin-Rui Song, Student Member, IEEE, Zhi-qiang Wang and Guo-fen Li, Member, IEEE". 5 I've read articles "A Microwave Resonant Sensor for Concentration Measurements of Liquid Solutions by Gianluca Gennarelli, Stefania Romeo, Maria Rosaria Scarfì, and Francesco Soldovieri" and "Noncontact Measurement of Complex Permittivity and Thickness by Using Planar Resonators by Chin-Lung Yang, Member, IEEE, Chieh-Sen Lee, Associate Member, IEEE, Kuan-Wei Chen, Student Member, IEEE, and Kuan-Zhou Chen". This coming week I'll work on combining these concepts to answer the questions which Sir Sabieh mailed. 6 This week I have been working on the points and covered 3/5 of them. 7 I have review the user guide book "A Guide to characterisation of dielectric materials at RF and microwave frequencies by National Physics Laboratory", and the article "Open Complementary Split-Ring Resonator Sensor for Dropping-Based Liquid Dielectric Characterization by Chieh-Sen Lee , Member, IEEE, Bin Bai, Student Member, IEEE, Qin-Rui Song, Student Member, IEEE, Zhi-qiang Wang and Guo-fen Li, Member, IEEE". 8 This week I have read "Noncontact Measurement of Complex Permittivity and Thickness by Using Planar Resonators by Chin-Lung Yang, Member, IEEE, Chieh-Sen Lee, Associate Member, IEEE, Kuan-Wei Chen, Student Member, IEEE, and Kuan-Zhou Chen" and "A Review of RF and Microwave Techniques for Dielectric Measurements on Polar Liquids by Andrew P. Gregory and Robert N. Clarke". 9 I have tried my level best to manage my work but I had plans with my family. This week I wasn't at home so couldn't do my work. 10 Review some articles. I have been working on real and imaginary parts of permittivity. 11 12 13 14

Hafza Shahbaz

Week Activity 1 I have read about Density Functional Theory which is backbone of working mechanism of WIEN2k software. In addition to that, other procedures such as APW ,LAPW, APW+lo methods respectively.I have watched a conference on youtube about WIEN2k which includes kon sham euations along with other examples. I am not still able to have firm grasp on every detail and equations. Will read it again. Reference: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5143061 and http://www.wien2k.at/. 2 In this week, i tried to clear my concepts on DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY, but i have more worked on my installation process. Sir Murtaza discussed with me about installation of WIEN2k. Since it requires ubuntu linux and i was currently working on windows. So with the help of Sir Murtaza , step by step process leads towards installation and it is not still done and is in process. In the coming week, I will manage to work on my theory part. 3 In this week, Sir Murtaza recommended me some helpful material. I wrote down all notes on DFT, I started to read a book ''Crystals and Crystal Structures'' by Richard J.D.Tilley . I have covered till now two chapters of it about various morphology, multiple rutile,halite and fluorite structures. I also studied about unit cell,miller indices,crystallography and different lattice directions. I have specifically studied about structure of TiO2. 4 I read the book referred to me "Crystals and Crystal Structures". This book comprises of 8 chapters, i tried to cover third and fourth chapter involving details about two dimensional patterns and tiling such as rotation around axis and point groups. I also studied about three dimensional rotation about axis but don't hit it's detail. Alongside, i tried to install ubuntu again but due to disk partition issue of my laptop I wasn't successful in this as WIEN 2k software requires large space. I will try to work on this issue and study further about remaining chapters of book as recommended by Sir Murtaza . 5 I have read article on ''Fabrication of absorbing Nb-Ti suboxide anti reflective thin film stacks'''.In this,Pulsed Laser Deposition technique is used to study optical behaviour and absorbance of light.Alongside, I studied further two and half chapters of book''Crystals and Crystal Structures'' covering topics of diffraction methods in detail with it''s corresponding elements such as intensity,bragg's law,wavelength,miller indices etc.Moreover took a general idea of three dimensional crystal structures with their space grouups and composition of different chemical structures such as Alanine. 6 I have read two chapters of the book i have started " Crystals and Crystal Structures". These chapters includetopics of size of atom,atomic sphere packing ,hexagonal structures.There were some topics which i found not so related tomy given context so i took just general concept of defects and different types and shapes of crystal structures that includes chemistry such as bonds. I asked Sir Murtaza some further related articles and i will try to read some of them in coming week. 7 In this week, I completed the chapters of my ongoing study of book"Crystals and Crystal Structures'' covering topics of structures of mtals and non metal packing,their radii and bond valence model. Alongside, I also read an article "Large and constant absorption coefficient in NbxTi1−xO2 thin films throughout the visible range" https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.036 which focuses on rutile structure of Tio2 and doping. 8 I read few more articles this week to try to grasp more knowledge on TiO2 as my project mainly focuses on this structure "The electronic structure and optical properties of rutile TiO2 codoped with nickel and cerium" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2017.10.004 and "Synthesis, structural and crystal size effect on the optical properties of sprayed TiO2 thin films: Experiment and DFT TB-mbj" https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153010 and "Efficient Co-B-codoped TiO2photocatalyst for degradation of organicwater pollutant under visible light" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.10.041 discussing about multiple dopants such as Co,B,N etc doping in TiO2 to see structural,electronic,optical behaviour. 9 Sir Murtaza had sent me a couple of articles.During this week I read more of them,"Formation of an intermediate band in the energy gap of TiO2 by Cu–N-codoping: First principles study and experimental evidence" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.02.032. Alongwith I read "Density functional study of X monodoped and codoped (X = C, N, S, F) anatase TiO2" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.06.035 10 "Large and constant absorption coefficient in NbxTi1−xO2 thin films throughout the visible range" as https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.036. And "Ab-initio Study of Electronic, Optical and Thermoelectric properties of TiO2 phases using mBJ approximation" . 11 In this week alongwith articles,there are pdf's comprising of thesis work .I targeted "Electronic and Optical Properties of Ramsdellite TiO2 through mBJ Potential" and "Cubic TiO2 as a potential light absorber in solar-energy conversion". 12 During this week, i had covered articles related to different structres like HfO2,SnO2,ZrO2 and TiO2.alongwith i had watched workshops to get better understanding of Wien2k software. 13 In this week, i had studied structure of TiO2 specifically on wien2k software with the help of sir Murtaza. He guided me to how to get my hands on the software and studied DOS, electron density, optical properties ,Band structure of TiO2. 14

Muhammad Basit

Week Activity 1 I've read few chapters of Simon and Blundel to develop the basic understanding of ferromagnetism. I've also read the paper and the book that Sir Sabieh gave me and have understood the magnetic order, original of magnetic moment, MR, EPR and basic experimental setup and techniques of FMR. Still there are some confusions left so I'm targeting myself to read the remaining reading material and to work on the report that Sir Sabieh has asked me to write the in next 7 to 10 days. 2 I've read the papers and the book that Sir Sabieh and Wardah shared with me. And I've understood and derived the Kittel Equation. In the paper Kittel has discussed only a special case of ellepsoid but I have gone a step further by taking a spherical and thin plate shapes also and have derived equations for them also. Then I worked on the LLG equations and have developed a good understanging of LLG equations. I've extracted the solution of LLG equation analytically and have witten a python code for the simulation of solution. And I've got the results. The results aren't too neat but I'll work on my code to improve the results. I've also read and understood the working of Lock-in Amplifier. And have found why it measures dp/dh. This is the work I have done in the 2nd week. What's left is, how I can get susceptibility from the LLG equation and plotting the real and imaginary part of susceptibility. Plus compiling all of the above into a report. I hope I'll be able to do these 3 things by the end of next week. 3 This week I've compiled all the data that I have been reading and extracting for the last 3 weeks. I've written a report, that I've sent to Sir Sabieh. Dr. Ali and Wardah sent me two papers that could have helped me in the extraction of susceptibility from LLG equations, sadly I had read that matrial before and I wasn't able to do the derivation of susceptibility from LLG equation. I have extracted susciptibility from the Mean Field Thoery bur Sir Sabieh particulalry asked to extract from LLG equations. I'll be doing some more research on this topic for the next week. 4 This week I improved my report by decimating the mistakes highlighted by Dr. Ali. I also covered the 5/7 points that were given by Sir Sabieh which includes the detail explanation of demagnetizing fields, plots of resonant frequency for different shapes and some readings. I read the chapter 7 of Cullity and chapter 11 of Spaldin and have understood how anisotropy and the demagnetizing fields work. I am compiling that data into my evolving report and I'll be done by the end of this week. For the next week I am targeting myslef to read the chapter 12 of Cullity and understand the Dynamic Processes of Magnetization plus to read and understand the papers that were given by Dr. Ali. 5 This week I read the chapter 12 of Cullity and have understood the Dynamics of Magnetization. Which includes Eddy Currents, Magnetic Damping, Magnetic Resonance (specifically Ferromagnetic Resonance) . Then I read the 2 papers mentioned by Sir Sabieh and have evolved my report accordingly. I tried to derive the susceptibility from https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/opus4-wuerzburg/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/5296/file/Andreas_Riegler.pdf. But the work done in this paper doesn't match much with my work. Then I tried https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/183914/Ellsworth_colostate_0053A_14279.pdf?sequence=1 but I met a problem in equation 6.24. I continued my work and read chapter 9 of Pozer and was successfull to derive all the components of Susceptibility tensor. Now I'm plotting the real and imaginary parts of susceptibility, the graphs I'm getting are bit vague but I'm trying to improve them. I'll send pdf of my weekly work and these vague plots to Sir Sabieh. Once I'm done with my plots I'll compile all of these things into my evolving report. 6 This week I made the corrections in my report that were mentioned by Dr. Ali. Other than that I read a lecture of MIT on the working of FMR station. Fot the coming week I'm targeting myself to improve my report a bit further (increasing the font sizes of figures and verticle spacing) nd to dig deep into the working of FMR station. 7 This week I read about the working of FMR in detail. The components and the minor details. Now, I've been assigned a new task by Sir Sabieh and Dr. Ali and for the next week I'll be working on that. My primary focus will be to understand the physics of FMR station, and how scattering parameters are related to susceptibility. 8 This week I read the thesis recomended by Dr. Ali. And I've successfully derived the relation between the S-paprameters (S21) and the susceptibility, throgh a technique called ''Derivative-Devide Method". I've also plotted the real and imaginary parts of dS21 in ''dS21 vs Omega (frequency) plots. Apart from this, I learned ''Linear Regression and Curve Fitting", I watched the lectures of Sir Sabieh on Graphical presentation of Scientific data and some other lectures on youtube (https://youtu.be/Jl-Ye38qkRc), I've tried two source-codes from APmonitor also and have written my python script. I hope I'll get better in this technique by the time. Now, I've started reading the chapter 3 of thesis which has some deep concepts of FMR and the details of Flip-chip FMR setup, I'll be extracting the basic physics of FMR setup and which quatities I can extract from the FMR measurements. I've also installed the CSD software but there's some kind of issue with it's lisence, I'll ask help from Dr. Ali and I hope by the next week I'll be able to play with this software. 9 This week I read the remaining chapters (3,4 & 5) of the thesis recomended by Dr. Ali. And now I've a better understanging of Flip-chip FMR setup and the measurements that have been discussed in this paper, which includes: the experimental setup, CPW transmission and RF characteristics, In-plane and Out-of-plane orientation measurements in FMR. The detail discussion on these topics also cleared a confusion of mine regarding the abrupt change in resonant frequency at higher magnetic fields for an Out-of-pane orientation in FMR. This paper also discusses about the Microwave probe FMR setup, but the results are not good enough so we'll stick to the frequency domain for now. Other than that, I've successfully installed the CST Studio yesterday, and now I'm playing with this software. I've watched a couple of tutorials on YouTube but I found none on how to simulate a coplanar waveguide. But I've tried to simualte a rectangular waveguide. For the next week I'll be spending some more time on this software and I'll also work on some theory part which I think is important for my resarch. 10 This week I worked on the task given by Sir Sabieh, which includes the derivation of Eq. 14 & 15 from the paper "Quantitative characterization of the spin-orbit torque using harmonic Hall voltage measurements", these equations tells us about the modulation amplitudes (del θ, del ϕ) or the change in the magnetization angle from its equilibrium value (θ_0, ϕ_0) due to the effect of current induced effective field(del H). Then I read the chaper 12 of "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy" by Patrick Bertrand and have derived the Eq. 12.4 which tells us how the absorption frequency changes by not applying "External magnetic field" and by applying "External magnetic field". Right now, I'm reading a couple of papers to understand how absorption frequency changes by applying External magnetic field considering the energy of the demagnetising field and of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy (derivation of Wq. 12.5). Furthermore, I read the section 2 of the paper suggested by Sir Sabieh. For the next week my plan is to derive the Eq. 12.5 and do some more research to stronger my theory side. 11 This week I derived the equation 12.5 and have worked extensively on the spherical coordinate system. Now, I'll complete the reading of chapter 12. 12 This week I've updatedmy report by including the work I've been doing for the last two weeks. For the nextweek I'm aiming myself to work on VNA prctically and learn how does VNA works. 13 14